Southern Africa

Rivers in Southern Africa have distinctive characteristics shaped by the region’s varied climate and topography. The Orange River, the longest in Southern Africa, rises in the highlands of Lesotho and flows westward to the Atlantic Ocean, providing crucial water for irrigation and mining in arid areas. The Limpopo River, known from African literature, is a seasonal river with significant flood pulses, draining semi-arid regions before reaching the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi River, famous for Victoria Falls, flows eastward to the Indian Ocean and supports major hydroelectric dams that supply power to several countries. These rivers often flow through deep valleys, gorges, and cliffs, creating dramatic landscapes but limiting navigation. Seasonal rainfall patterns strongly influence river flow, with many experiencing floods during the rainy season and low water levels in dry months. These rivers support agriculture, hydropower, biodiversity, and local livelihoods, reflecting Southern Africa’s ecological and socio-economic diversity.