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The Mackenzie River Basin includes all of the land area of the earth that contributes runoff to the Mackenzie River that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The basin covers an area of approximately 1.8 x 106 km2 yet has a population of only 300,000 people. The majority of the inhabitants live in the southern parts of the basin. About 75% of the basin lies within the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones. The basin receives an average of 410 mm of precipitation per year. Of this, approximately 237 mm is returned to the atmosphere directly through evaporation and transpiration while the remaining 173 mm enters the Arctic Ocean as river flow.